Caustic soda is NaOH (sodium hydroxide). It is a strong base used in soap, paper, and textile industries. Washing soda is Na₂CO₃, baking soda NaHCO₃. Caustic potash is KOH.
Explanation:
Atomic number (Z) is defined as the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It determines the identity of the element. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals Z. Mass number = protons + neutrons.
Explanation:
Na₂CO₃ reacts with Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ to form insoluble CaCO₃/MgCO₃, which are removed. This is permanent hardness removal. Boiling works for temporary hardness. Ion exchange is another method.
Explanation:
Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves with no mass and no charge, thus they interact least with matter and have the highest penetrating power. Alpha particles (He nuclei) are stopped by paper. Beta particles (electrons) can be stopped by aluminum. Gamma requires thick lead or concrete.
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