Faraday constant (F) = 96485 C/mol, approximately 96500 C/mol. It is the magnitude of electric charge per mole of electrons. Charge on one electron = 1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C, multiplied by Avogadro's number gives F. Used in electrolysis calculations: mass deposited = (Q × M)/(n × F).
Explanation:
The Ostwald process is the industrial method for manufacturing nitric acid (HNO₃). It involves the catalytic oxidation of ammonia (NH₃) to nitric oxide (NO), which is then further oxidized to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and absorbed in water to form concentrated nitric acid.
Explanation:
Half-life is a characteristic of first-order kinetics, and all radioactive decay follows first-order kinetics. Hence it applies to all radioactive decay processes. Chemical reactions of first order also have constant half-life independent of initial concentration, but radioactive decay is the prime example. Zero-order half-life depends on initial concentration.
Explanation:
Niels Bohr proposed his model in 1913 to overcome the defects of Rutherford's model. He stated that electrons revolve around the nucleus in specific, discrete circular orbits (shells) with fixed energy, and they do not radiate energy while in these orbits, explaining atomic stability.
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