Galvanization is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to iron or steel to prevent rusting. Zinc acts as a sacrificial anode (more reactive than iron), corroding in preference to the iron even if the coating is scratched. Tin coating (tin-plating) protects only if the layer remains intact.
Explanation:
Soap molecules have a hydrophilic ionic head (COO⁻Na⁺) and a long hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail. In water, the tails aggregate away from water, forming a spherical micelle with heads outward. The hydrophobic core dissolves oily dirt, which is then washed away. This structure is stabilized by ion-dipole interactions. Detergents work similarly but with different head groups.
Explanation:
Atomic radius decreases across a period because the effective nuclear charge increases while electrons are added to the same shell, pulling the electron cloud closer. Down a group, radius increases due to addition of new shells.
Explanation:
Ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) contains a coordinate bond: NH₃ donates its lone pair of electrons to H⁺ to form a covalent bond where both electrons come from nitrogen. NaCl is ionic, NH₃ has ordinary covalent bonds, Cl₂ has a nonpolar covalent bond. In NH₄⁺, all four N–H bonds are equivalent after formation. Coordinate bond is also called dative bond and is common in complex ions like [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺.
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