Soda-lime glass is produced by fusing silica (SiO₂) with sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) at high temperature. Na₂CO₃ acts as flux to lower melting point, CaCO₃ provides stability. Reaction: Na₂CO₃ + SiO₂ → Na₂SiO₃ + CO₂. Sodium chloride is not used. Potassium compounds make harder glass.
Explanation:
PVC is a good electrical insulator, resistant to chemicals and moisture, used for pipes, cable sheathing. Bakelite for switches; polystyrene for packaging.
Explanation:
A lead-acid battery, commonly used in automobiles, consists of lead anodes and lead dioxide cathodes. The electrolyte used is an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). During discharge, the acid is consumed to form lead sulfate and water, decreasing the density of the electrolyte.
Explanation:
John Dalton formulated the law of multiple proportions: If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other are in ratios of small whole numbers. Lavoisier gave law of conservation of mass. Proust gave law of definite proportions. Dalton's atomic theory explained these laws.
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