Explanation:
The ratchet effect, associated with Duesenberry’s relative-income hypothesis, describes the asymmetry whereby consumption adjusts upward more readily than downward when income changes.
Explanation:
Privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) comprise a range of technical approaches—such as differential privacy, homomorphic encryption and secure multi-party computation—that enable data analysis while protecting individual privacy.
Explanation:
A job-guarantee programme commits the public sector to provide a job at a basic living wage to every person who wants one, thereby eliminating involuntary unemployment and establishing an effective wage floor.
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