Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) consists primarily of propane (C₃H₈) and butane (C₄H₁₀) liquefied under pressure. A strong-smelling mercaptan is added as odorant to detect leaks. CNG is mainly methane. LPG is used for cooking and as automotive fuel (autogas). It has higher calorific value than natural gas. It is heavier than air, so it settles in low areas, posing a safety hazard if leaked.
Explanation:
A negative catalyst (inhibitor) slows down a reaction. Phosphoric acid (or acetamide) retards the decomposition of H₂O₂ by stabilizing it. MnO₂ is a positive catalyst for H₂O₂ decomposition, speeding it up. Platinum catalyzes SO₂ oxidation in contact process. Iron (Fe) catalyzes ammonia synthesis in Haber process. Negative catalysts are often used to prevent undesirable reactions, e.g., antioxidants in food preservation.
Explanation:
NH₃ has a lone pair on nitrogen, which it donates to the empty 1s orbital of H⁺, forming a coordinate (dative) bond where both electrons come from nitrogen. The resulting NH₄⁺ has four equivalent N–H covalent bonds and a +1 charge. Coordinate bonds are common in complex ions: e.g., [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺. Once formed, a coordinate bond is indistinguishable from a covalent bond.
Explanation:
Ca(HCO₃)₂ → CaCO₃↓ + H₂O + CO₂ (on boiling). The precipitate is calcium carbonate. Sulfates and chlorides cause permanent hardness and cannot be removed by boiling.
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