The carbon-fluorine bond is one of the strongest covalent bonds, making PTFE resistant to attack by chemicals and heat. The fluorine atoms also shield the carbon backbone.
Explanation:
Boyle's law states that at constant temperature, the volume of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to pressure: PV = constant. So P ∝ 1/V. Charles' law relates V and T at constant P. Gay-Lussac's law relates P and T at constant V. Boyle's law is used in syringes and scuba diving. Graph of P vs V is a hyperbola; P vs 1/V is a straight line.
Explanation:
NH₃ has a lone pair on nitrogen, which it donates to the empty 1s orbital of H⁺, forming a coordinate (dative) bond where both electrons come from nitrogen. The resulting NH₄⁺ has four equivalent N–H covalent bonds and a +1 charge. Coordinate bonds are common in complex ions: e.g., [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺. Once formed, a coordinate bond is indistinguishable from a covalent bond.
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