Washing soda is sodium carbonate decahydrate, with the chemical formula Na₂CO₃·10H₂O. Sodium bicarbonate is baking soda (NaHCO₃). Sodium hydroxide is caustic soda (NaOH), and sodium chloride is common table salt (NaCl). Washing soda is used for cleaning and water softening.
Explanation:
A gel is a type of colloid where the dispersed phase is a liquid and the dispersed medium is a solid. Cheese, butter, and jellies are classic examples of gels. Milk is an emulsion (liquid in liquid), while fog and smoke are aerosols.
Explanation:
Henry Moseley (1913) established the concept of atomic number as the number of protons through X-ray spectra of elements. He showed that atomic number, not atomic mass, is the fundamental property for arranging elements in the periodic table, resolving anomalies in Mendeleev's table. He did not discover a particle but a principle. Modern periodic law is based on atomic number.
Explanation:
Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid, sometimes called a supercooled liquid. It lacks long-range periodic order; atoms are arranged in a disordered network. It softens over a temperature range rather than having a sharp melting point. Common glass is soda-lime-silicate glass. Crystalline solids have sharp melting points and regular lattice structures (e.g., NaCl, quartz).
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