The denominator of maternal mortality ratio is: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
MMR specifically counts maternal deaths from complications of pregnancy, childbirth, or postpartum (within 42 days), excluding accidental or incidental causes, per WHO definition.

Explanation:
Harmonic mean involves reciprocals, so zero makes it undefined. Geometric mean with zero is zero, but it is defined; arithmetic and median unaffected.

Explanation:
GFR denominator is only women 15-49, while CBR uses total population. If this group is a small share of total population (e.g., aging society), GFR > CBR because the same births are divided by a smaller denominator.