Explanation:
White phosphorus exists as P₄ tetrahedral molecules, containing 4 phosphorus atoms. So atomicity is 4. Sulfur is S₈, oxygen is O₂, ozone O₃. Atomicity is the number of atoms in a molecule of an element. Phosphorus is a non-metal. Red phosphorus is polymeric but P₄ is the common molecular form.
Explanation:
Water hardness is primarily caused by the presence of dissolved multivalent cations, most commonly calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions, usually in the form of bicarbonates, chlorides, or sulfates. Sodium and potassium salts do not cause hardness.
Explanation:
Bauxite contains SiO₂ (silica) as impurity. In the Bayer's process, powdered bauxite is treated with hot concentrated NaOH solution. Alumina dissolves forming sodium aluminate (NaAlO₂), while silica does not dissolve and is filtered off. Alternatively, silica can be removed by adding lime during refining. The purified alumina is then electrolyzed in cryolite. NaOH selectively dissolves Al₂O₃ due to its amphoteric nature.
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