The process of converting vegetable oils to solid fats (vanaspati) involves:
A. Esterification
B. Fermentation
C. Hydrogenation
D. Saponification
Answer: Option C
Solution (By JKSSB Mock Tests)
Hydrogenation adds hydrogen to unsaturated vegetable oils in the presence of nickel catalyst at about 150°C, converting liquid oils (C=C bonds) to solid fats (vanaspati ghee) with higher melting points. Saponification makes soap. Esterification forms esters. Fermentation produces alcohol. Partial hydrogenation can produce trans fats, which are harmful. Complete hydrogenation yields saturated fats.
Explanation:
Joseph Proust proposed the law of definite proportions (constant composition) – a given compound always contains the same elements in the same proportion by mass. Dalton's theory explained it. Lavoisier gave law of conservation of mass. Rutherford discovered nucleus.
Explanation:
Saline water (containing NaCl) increases the electrical conductivity of the water, accelerating the electrochemical process of rusting. This is why ships and coastal structures rust faster. Dry air and vacuum have no moisture; pure water without dissolved oxygen slows rusting.
Explanation:
Chlorination is the disinfection of water using chlorine or chlorine compounds to destroy pathogenic microorganisms. Chlorine reacts with water forming hypochlorous acid (HOCl) which is a strong germicide. Ozonation uses ozone; distillation involves boiling and condensation. Filtration removes particulate matter but not all microorganisms. Chlorination is cost-effective and provides residual protection, though it may produce trihalomethanes as by-products.
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