The process used for the manufacture of ammonia is:
A. Haber's process
B. Ostwald's process
C. Contact process
D. Solvay process
Answer: Option A
Solution (By JKSSB Mock Tests)
Ammonia (NH₃) is manufactured by the Haber process, which involves the direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gases at high pressure (200 atm) and moderate temperature (450°C) in the presence of an iron catalyst. The Contact process is for sulfuric acid, and Ostwald's is for nitric acid.
Explanation:
Na₂CO₃ reacts with Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ to form insoluble CaCO₃/MgCO₃, which are removed. This is permanent hardness removal. Boiling works for temporary hardness. Ion exchange is another method.
Explanation:
H₂O₂ releases oxygen that kills bacteria (antiseptic) and bleaches colored materials. Ethanol is disinfectant but not strong bleach. Methanol is toxic.
Explanation:
High-concentration H₂O₂ (e.g., 80-90%) decomposes rapidly in the presence of a catalyst to produce superheated steam and oxygen: 2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O₂ + heat. This generates high-pressure gas used for propulsion (monopropellant) or as oxidizer in bipropellant systems. It is not a fuel; it provides oxygen for combustion. It must be handled carefully due to instability.
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