James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932 by bombarding beryllium with alpha particles, producing a neutral radiation that he identified as neutrons. Rutherford had predicted the existence of a neutral particle in 1920. Chadwick's discovery explained isotopes' mass differences. Neutron: mass ≈ 1.00866 u, no charge. It is stable inside the nucleus but decays (half-life ~10 min) when free.
Explanation:
Detergents (e.g., sulfonates) do not precipitate with Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺, so they lather well in hard water. Soaps form insoluble scum. This is a major advantage.
Explanation:
Methyl orange is red at pH < 3.1 and yellow at pH > 4.4. Litmus: red in acid, blue in base. Phenolphthalein: colorless in acid, pink in base. Turmeric: yellow in acid, reddish-brown in base.
Explanation:
Zinc coating (galvanizing) provides both barrier and sacrificial protection. Even if scratched, zinc corrodes instead of iron because it is more reactive.
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