Sulfur forms disulfide cross-links between polyisoprene chains, providing elasticity, tensile strength, and resistance to temperature changes. Carbon black is filler/additive for reinforcement but not the vulcanization agent.
Explanation:
Half-life is a characteristic of first-order kinetics, and all radioactive decay follows first-order kinetics. Hence it applies to all radioactive decay processes. Chemical reactions of first order also have constant half-life independent of initial concentration, but radioactive decay is the prime example. Zero-order half-life depends on initial concentration.
Explanation:
The ozone layer is located in the lower stratosphere (~15-35 km altitude), where ozone concentration is highest. It absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation (UV-B and UV-C) from the sun. Ground-level ozone (troposphere) is a pollutant and component of smog, harmful to health. Ozone depletion is caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which release chlorine atoms that catalytically destroy O₃.
Explanation:
CFCs release chlorine atoms under UV radiation in the stratosphere, which catalytically destroy ozone molecules. CO causes smog and is poisonous, SO₂ causes acid rain, ammonia is not a major ozone depleter. The Montreal Protocol phased out CFCs to protect the ozone layer.
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