A gel is a type of colloid where the dispersed phase is a liquid and the dispersed medium is a solid. Cheese, butter, and jellies are classic examples of gels. Milk is an emulsion (liquid in liquid), while fog and smoke are aerosols.
Explanation:
Synthetic detergents (like alkyl sulfates or sulfonates) form soluble calcium and magnesium salts, so they lather well even in hard water. Soaps form scum. Detergents are usually derived from petrochemicals, can be non-biodegradable if branched, and may cause pollution.
Explanation:
Vulcanization is the chemical process of converting natural rubber or related polymers into more durable materials by adding sulfur or other equivalent curatives. This process was discovered by Charles Goodyear in 1839, revolutionizing the rubber industry by making it less sticky and more temperature-resistant.
Explanation:
Charles' law: V ∝ T (Kelvin). So at constant P and n, V/T = constant. If temperature is in Celsius, proportionality is not direct because zero Celsius is not absolute zero. Absolute zero (0 K = -273.15°C) is the theoretical temperature at which volume becomes zero. A graph of V vs T (K) is a straight line through origin.
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