Alpha particles are helium nuclei (2 protons, 2 neutrons), charge +2e, mass 4 u. Beta particles are fast electrons (or positrons). Gamma rays are high-energy photons, no mass, no charge.
Explanation:
Pressure is scalar (no direction), though force is vector. Reason: Pascal's law - fluid pressure transmits equally in all directions, confirming scalar nature. Memory aid: 'Pressure = force/area (scalar division); isotropic in fluids'. Assertion-reason testing fluid mechanics fundamentals, common in competitive exams.
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