Biofuels are produced from biomass—recently living organisms or their metabolic byproducts. Examples: ethanol from sugarcane/corn, biodiesel from vegetable oils, biogas from organic waste. They are renewable and can reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. However, large-scale production may compete with food crops. Algae-based biofuels are also being researched.
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CNG stands for Compressed Natural Gas. It is primarily methane stored at high pressure. It is considered a cleaner fuel than petrol or diesel because it produces fewer pollutants like carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons, and it leaves no residue upon combustion.
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Boiling precipitates Ca/Mg bicarbonates as carbonates, removing temporary hardness. It does not remove permanent hardness (sulfates/chlorides). It kills microbes but does not remove dissolved salts.
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While Democritus proposed the philosophical concept of the atom in ancient Greece, John Dalton formulated the first scientifically based atomic theory in 1803. His theory stated that elements are composed of indivisible atoms, atoms of the same element are identical, and compounds form from atoms combining in fixed ratios.
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