Crystallization separates a pure solid from a solution by cooling or evaporating the solvent. Impurities remain in the mother liquor. Example: purifying copper sulfate. Distillation for liquids; filtration for insoluble solids.
Explanation:
Water hardness is primarily caused by the presence of dissolved multivalent cations, most commonly calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions, usually in the form of bicarbonates, chlorides, or sulfates. Sodium and potassium salts do not cause hardness.
Explanation:
An electrolyte is a substance that produces ions when dissolved in water or melted, allowing the solution to conduct electricity. Aqueous NaCl dissociates into Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions. Distilled water, sugar, and ethanol do not form ions in solution and are therefore non-electrolytes.
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