EM waves transverse: E ⊥ B ⊥ propagation direction. Derived from Maxwell's equations. Memory tip: 'EM wave: right-hand rule for E×B direction'. Wave property frequently tested in competitive modern physics sections.
Explanation:
Speed has magnitude only, scalar. Velocity is vector (speed + direction). Momentum and force are vectors. Distance is scalar, displacement vector.
Explanation:
Water has exceptionally high specific heat (4200 J/kg°C) due to hydrogen bonding. Used as coolant. Iron ~450, copper ~385, aluminium ~900. High specific heat moderates climate.
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