Ethanol, commonly known as ethyl alcohol, has the chemical formula C₂H₅OH. Methanol is CH₃OH. Acetic acid (ethanoic acid) is CH₃COOH, and propionic acid is C₂H₅COOH. Ethanol is widely used as a solvent, in alcoholic beverages, and as a biofuel.
Explanation:
The Ostwald process is the industrial method for manufacturing nitric acid (HNO₃). It involves the catalytic oxidation of ammonia (NH₃) to nitric oxide (NO), which is then further oxidized to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and absorbed in water to form concentrated nitric acid.
Explanation:
Cu + 4HNO₃ (conc.) → Cu(NO₃)₂ + 2NO₂ + 2H₂O. Dilute HNO₃ gives NO instead of NO₂. Copper does not produce H₂ with HNO₃ because HNO₃ is an oxidizing acid.
Explanation:
Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process in the nitrogen cycle. First, ammonia (NH3) is oxidized to nitrites (NO2-) by bacteria like Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus. In the second step, nitrites are oxidized to nitrates (NO3-) by Nitrobacter. Rhizobium fixes nitrogen, and Azotobacter is a free-living nitrogen fixer.
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