Graham's law deals with: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Valency is the number of electrons an atom can lose, gain, or share to achieve a stable octet. It determines the number of chemical bonds it can form. For example, carbon has valency 4, oxygen 2, chlorine 1. Atomic number is number of protons, mass number is protons+neutrons, ionization energy is energy required to remove electron.

Explanation:
Neutralization is the reaction of an acid and a base to form salt and water. HCl (acid) + NaOH (base) → NaCl (salt) + H₂O. Option A is combination; C is decomposition; D is displacement.

Explanation:
Hydrogenation adds hydrogen to unsaturated vegetable oils in the presence of nickel catalyst at about 150°C, converting liquid oils (C=C bonds) to solid fats (vanaspati ghee) with higher melting points. Saponification makes soap. Esterification forms esters. Fermentation produces alcohol. Partial hydrogenation can produce trans fats, which are harmful. Complete hydrogenation yields saturated fats.