Heavy water (D2O) contains deuterium (an isotope of hydrogen) instead of normal hydrogen. It has a higher molecular mass and absorbs neutrons much less efficiently than ordinary water. Because of this property, it is extensively used as a neutron moderator in certain types of nuclear reactors (like CANDU) to slow down neutrons.
Explanation:
HF has a polar covalent bond due to large electronegativity difference between H (2.1) and F (4.0), causing unequal sharing. It is not ionic because the difference is not extreme enough (>1.7 is typical but borderline). The bond is polar.
Explanation:
Real gases deviate from ideal behavior due to intermolecular forces and molecular volume. Ammonia (NH3) has strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding and a relatively large molecular size compared to small, non-polar gases like He, H2, and N2. Therefore, ammonia exhibits the greatest deviation from ideal gas behavior.
Explanation:
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is commonly used for pickling (cleaning) steel to remove rust and scale (iron oxides) before further processing like galvanizing or plating. Reaction: Fe₂O₃ + 6HCl → 2FeCl₃ + 3H₂O. Sulfuric acid is also used. Nitric acid is an oxidizer and would passivate some metals. Acetic acid is too weak.
No comments yet. Be the first to start the discussion!