Ionization energy generally increases across a period because:
A. Atomic radius increases
B. Number of shells increases
C. Effective nuclear charge increases
D. Nuclear charge decreases
Answer: Option C
Solution (By JKSSB Mock Tests)
Across a period, electrons are added to the same shell, but the number of protons increases, leading to a greater effective nuclear charge. This pulls electrons closer, decreasing atomic radius and making it harder to remove an electron, so ionization energy increases.
Explanation:
Haber process synthesizes ammonia using iron catalyst. Solvay process for soda ash uses no solid catalyst but involves reactions with CO₂ and ammonia. Bayer's process for alumina uses NaOH, no catalyst. Hall-Héroult process is electrolytic for aluminium. Catalysis is key in many industrial processes: Contact (V₂O₅), Ostwald (Pt), hydrogenation (Ni).
Explanation:
Beta particles are high-energy, high-speed electrons (β⁻) or positrons (β⁺) emitted from a radioactive nucleus during beta decay. In β⁻ decay, a neutron converts to a proton, emitting an electron and an antineutrino. Beta particles have moderate penetrating power; they can be stopped by a few millimeters of aluminum. They cause less ionization than alpha.
Explanation:
H₂O₂ decomposes when exposed to light (photochemical decomposition): 2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O₂. Light provides energy to break the O–O bond. To prevent decomposition, it is stored in amber or opaque bottles, often with stabilizers like urea or phosphoric acid. Also, traces of heavy metal ions catalyze decomposition. H₂O₂ is a strong oxidizing agent and bleaching agent.
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