J.J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897 using a cathode ray tube. He showed that cathode rays were composed of negatively charged particles (electrons) that were much lighter than atoms and were a fundamental part of all matter, leading to his plum pudding model.
Explanation:
Eutrophication is the excessive richness of nutrients (mainly nitrates and phosphates from fertilizers and sewage) in a lake or other body of water. This causes a dense growth of plant life (algal blooms) and depletion of oxygen, killing aquatic animals and disrupting the ecosystem.
Explanation:
Temporary hardness is due to dissolved bicarbonates of Ca and Mg. These can be removed by boiling, which precipitates carbonates. Calcium sulfate and chloride cause permanent hardness. Sodium chloride does not cause hardness. Boiling: Ca(HCO₃)₂ → CaCO₃↓ + H₂O + CO₂. Bicarbonates are formed when water containing CO₂ passes over limestone.
Explanation:
Haber process: N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃, conditions: 400-450°C, 200 atm, finely divided iron with promoters (K₂O, Al₂O₃). Pt is used in Ostwald process for HNO₃; V₂O₅ in Contact process for H₂SO₄.
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