Methanol (CH₃OH) was historically produced by destructive distillation of wood, hence called wood alcohol. Ethanol is grain alcohol (from fermentation). Rubbing alcohol is isopropanol or denatured ethanol. Denatured alcohol is ethanol with added methanol or other substances to make it undrinkable. Methanol is toxic, used as solvent, fuel, and antifreeze.
Explanation:
Methyl orange is red at pH < 3.1 and yellow at pH > 4.4. Litmus: red in acid, blue in base. Phenolphthalein: colorless in acid, pink in base. Turmeric: yellow in acid, reddish-brown in base.
Explanation:
Soda-lime glass is produced by fusing silica (SiO₂) with sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) at high temperature. Na₂CO₃ acts as flux to lower melting point, CaCO₃ provides stability. Reaction: Na₂CO₃ + SiO₂ → Na₂SiO₃ + CO₂. Sodium chloride is not used. Potassium compounds make harder glass.
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