Soap is formed by the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils. This reaction is called: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

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Soap is formed by the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils. This reaction is called:

A. Saponification

B. Esterification

C. Emulsification

D. Hydrogenation

Answer: Option A

Solution (By JKSSB Mock Tests)

Saponification is the hydrolysis of triglycerides (fats/oils) with NaOH or KOH to produce glycerol and the sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids, which are soaps. Esterification is the formation of esters from acid and alcohol. Emulsification is the dispersion of one liquid in another. Hydrogenation is addition of H₂. Hard soaps use NaOH, soft soaps use KOH. Soaps clean by micelle formation.

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Hard water can be softened by ion exchange method. The resin exchanges ________ for Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions.

A. Cl⁻

B. Na⁺

C. OH⁻

D. H⁺

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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
Cation exchange resins contain Na⁺ ions which are replaced by Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺, softening the water. Anion exchange can also be used for deionization. Washing soda precipitates Ca/Mg.

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Question #2

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Which of the following is a primary air pollutant?

A. Ozone

B. PAN (Peroxyacetyl nitrate)

C. Carbon monoxide

D. Sulphuric acid

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Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:
Primary air pollutants are emitted directly from a source. Carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are primary pollutants. Ozone, PAN, and sulfuric acid are secondary pollutants, formed in the atmosphere by reactions of primary pollutants.

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Question #3

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CNG is considered a cleaner fuel than petrol because it produces:

A. More CO₂

B. Sulfur dioxide

C. Less CO₂ and negligible particulate matter

D. More oxides of nitrogen

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Correct Answer: Option C

Explanation:
CNG (methane) has a higher H/C ratio, so combustion produces less CO₂ per unit energy compared to petrol/diesel. It also burns completely without generating smoke or particulate matter, and contains no sulfur, thus no SO₂. It reduces NOx and unburned hydrocarbons. It is used in vehicles and is safer in spills because it is lighter than air and disperses quickly.

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