Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is prepared industrially by the electrolysis of brine. The by-product chlorine is used in:
A. PVC and disinfectants
B. Steel making
C. Fertilizer production
D. Glass manufacturing
Answer: Option A
Solution (By JKSSB Mock Tests)
Chlorine produced in the chlor-alkali process is used to manufacture PVC (polyvinyl chloride), bleaching powder, disinfectants, and solvents. Glass uses Na₂CO₃. Fertilizers use NH₃ and acids. Steel making uses oxygen. Chlorine is a versatile industrial chemical with many downstream products.
Explanation:
A negative catalyst (inhibitor) decreases the rate of a reaction by increasing activation energy or destroying active intermediates. Example: phosphoric acid inhibits H₂O₂ decomposition. Positive catalysts speed up, enzymes are biocatalysts, autocatalysts are products that catalyze their own formation.
Explanation:
The Haber process synthesizes ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen (N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃). Finely divided iron acts as the catalyst, often with molybdenum as a promoter, to increase the rate of reaction at high pressure and moderate temperature. V₂O₅ is used in the Contact process.
Explanation:
Real gases deviate from ideal behavior due to intermolecular forces and molecular volume. Ammonia (NH3) has strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding and a relatively large molecular size compared to small, non-polar gases like He, H2, and N2. Therefore, ammonia exhibits the greatest deviation from ideal gas behavior.
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