Aldehydes are organic compounds containing the formyl group, -CHO, where a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydrogen atom. -OH is the hydroxyl group (alcohols), -COOH is the carboxyl group (carboxylic acids), and -CO- is the carbonyl group (ketones).
Explanation:
Cathode is where reduction (gain of electrons) takes place in both electrolytic and galvanic cells. Anode is where oxidation occurs. Mnemonic: RED CAT (Reduction at Cathode), AN OX (Oxidation at Anode).
Explanation:
In 1913, Niels Bohr modified Rutherford's model to explain atomic stability and emission spectra. He introduced the concept of quantized electron orbits (or energy levels), stating that electrons revolve in specific, fixed orbits without radiating energy, and they only emit or absorb energy when jumping between these discrete levels.
Explanation:
Esterification is the chemical reaction where a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol in the presence of a strong acid catalyst (like conc. H₂SO₄) to produce an ester and water. Saponification is the reverse process, involving the alkaline hydrolysis of esters to form soap and glycerol.
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