Eye lens forms a real, inverted image on the retina. Brain processes it to perceive erect. Camera also forms real inverted image on film/sensor. The eye is like a convex lens system.
Explanation:
Carnot efficiency η = 1 - T₂/T₁, depending solely on absolute temperatures of heat source (T₁) and sink (T₂). It is independent of working substance, engine size, or other details. This universality makes Carnot cycle the theoretical maximum efficiency benchmark. Memory tip: 'Carnot efficiency: only T_hot and T_cold matter; real engines have lower efficiency'. This thermodynamics concept is frequently tested in competitive exams. Always recall that Carnot efficiency is an ideal limit; real engines have additional losses reducing efficiency below this value.
Explanation:
Thermionic emission: electrons emitted when metal heated to high temperature (e.g., filament in cathode ray tube). Photoelectric: light incident. Field emission: strong electric field. Secondary: bombardment by particles.
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