Loudness correlates with intensity, which is proportional to square of amplitude. Frequency determines pitch. Larger amplitude → louder sound. Measured in decibels.
Explanation:
Equipotential surface has constant potential V everywhere. Work done W = qΔV; since ΔV = 0 along equipotential, W = 0. This holds for any path on the surface. Electric field is perpendicular to equipotential surfaces, so no work is done moving charge along them. Memory aid: 'Equipotential: ΔV=0 ⇒ W=0; field lines ⊥ equipotentials'. This electrostatics concept is frequently tested in competitive exams. Always link work to potential difference, not absolute potential; path independence is key for conservative fields.
Explanation:
Bohr model: radius r_n = (4πε₀ħ²n²)/(m_e e²) = n² a₀, where a₀ is Bohr radius (≈0.529 Å). Thus r_n ∝ n². Energy E_n ∝ -1/n². Memory tip: 'Bohr radius: r ∝ n²; energy: E ∝ -1/n²'. This atomic physics formula is frequently tested in competitive exams. Always recall that n is principal quantum number; higher n means larger orbit, less tightly bound electron. This problem assesses understanding of quantization in early quantum theory.
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