Atomic number (Z) is defined as the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It determines the identity of the element. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals Z. Mass number = protons + neutrons.
Explanation:
PVC has polar C-Cl bonds; the chlorine atoms create dipole-dipole interactions between polymer chains, restricting chain movement and making the material rigid and strong. Adding plasticizers (e.g., phthalates) reduces intermolecular forces, making it flexible. Cross-links are in thermosets, PVC is thermoplastic. High molecular weight contributes but polarity is key.
Explanation:
Dilute HNO₃ is an oxidizing agent; it oxidizes the hydrogen produced to water and itself gets reduced to nitrogen oxides (NO, N₂O, etc.). Very dilute HNO₃ with Mg/Mn can produce H₂. Metals above hydrogen normally displace H₂ from non-oxidizing acids like HCl.
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