Centrifugation spins the mixture at high speed, causing denser particles (skimmed milk) to settle at the bottom while lighter cream floats on top. This is based on density differences. Distillation is for liquids, filtration for insoluble solids, sublimation for sublimable solids.
Explanation:
The root mean square velocity (urms) of gas molecules can be expressed in multiple equivalent ways. It is √(3RT/M) where R is the gas constant, T is temperature, and M is molar mass. Since P = dRT/M (where d is density), it can also be written as √(3P/d). Both formulas are correct.
Explanation:
Sodium carbonate is a salt of strong base (NaOH) and weak acid (H₂CO₃). On hydrolysis, it gives OH⁻ ions: CO₃²⁻ + H₂O ⇌ HCO₃⁻ + OH⁻, making the solution basic. pH ~11. It turns red litmus blue. It is used for softening hard water and in detergents. NaHCO₃ solution is also mildly basic. Salts of strong acid + strong base are neutral (NaCl). Salts of weak base + strong acid are acidic (NH₄Cl).
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