Explanation:
Newton's law of gravitation: F ∝ 1/r². If distance r becomes r/2, new force F' ∝ 1/(r/2)² = 4/r² = 4F. So force quadruples. This inverse square law is fundamental for gravitational, electric, magnetic forces.
Explanation:
In solids, heat flows by conduction (lattice vibrations and free electrons). Metals are good conductors due to free electrons. Convection in fluids, radiation no medium.
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