Starch (polysaccharide) is a natural polymer made from glucose units. It is found in plants. Cellulose, proteins, natural rubber are natural polymers. PVC, nylon, Teflon are synthetic polymers. Natural polymers are biodegradable and renewable. Starch is used as food, in paper, and bioplastics. Synthetic polymers are often derived from petrochemicals.
Explanation:
Permanent hardness is due to CaCl₂, CaSO₄, MgCl₂, MgSO₄. These do not precipitate on boiling. Temporary hardness (bicarbonates) is removed by boiling. Both can be removed by ion exchange or washing soda.
Explanation:
Ethane: H₃C-CH₃. There is one C-C single bond and six C-H single bonds, total 7 covalent bonds. Each bond is a sigma bond. The structural formula shows 7 bonds. Methane has 4, propane 10. Counting bonds is simple: each line represents a covalent bond.
Explanation:
Baking powder is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and a mild edible acid, usually tartaric acid. When moistened and heated, they react to release CO₂, causing dough to rise. Baking soda alone requires an external acidic ingredient. The acid ensures complete reaction and avoids a bitter taste.
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