Which of the following is an example of a homogeneous catalyst?
A. Iron in Haber's process
B. Platinum in Ostwald's process
C. Nickel in hydrogenation of oils
D. Sulphuric acid in esterification
Answer: Option D
Solution (By JKSSB Mock Tests)
A homogeneous catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants. In the esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols, liquid sulfuric acid (H2SO4) catalyzes the reaction between liquid reactants. Iron, platinum, and nickel are solid catalysts used for gaseous or liquid reactants, making them heterogeneous catalysts.
Explanation:
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) primarily consists of butane (C₄H₁₀) and isobutane, with some propane. For domestic use, it is often a mix of butane and propane. Methane is the main component of CNG and natural gas, which require different storage pressures and infrastructure.
Assertion (A): The first ionization energy of Nitrogen is higher than that of Oxygen. Reason (R): Nitrogen has a half-filled p-orbital which is exceptionally stable.
A.Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B.A is false but R is true.
C.A is true but R is false.
D.Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Nitrogen (1s2 2s2 2p3) has a exactly half-filled p-subshell, which confers extra stability due to symmetry and exchange energy. Oxygen (1s2 2s2 2p4) has one paired electron in the p-orbital, leading to electron-electron repulsion, making it easier to remove. Thus, N has a higher IE than O. Both are true and R explains A.
Explanation:
A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound (or element) that can exist independently and exhibit the compound's chemical properties. For covalent compounds (water, CO₂), the molecule is the discrete particle. For ionic compounds, the term 'formula unit' is used rather than molecule. Atoms are smallest particles of elements. Ions are charged atoms/molecules.
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