Explanation:
Carnot efficiency η = 1 - T₂/T₁, depending solely on absolute temperatures of heat source (T₁) and sink (T₂). It is independent of working substance, engine size, or other details. This universality makes Carnot cycle the theoretical maximum efficiency benchmark. Memory tip: 'Carnot efficiency: only T_hot and T_cold matter; real engines have lower efficiency'. This thermodynamics concept is frequently tested in competitive exams. Always recall that Carnot efficiency is an ideal limit; real engines have additional losses reducing efficiency below this value.
Explanation:
The total energy of an electron in a hydrogen-like atom in the nth orbit is strictly negative and given by the mathematical formula E_n = -13.6 Z^2 / n^2 (in eV). This formula demonstrates that the total energy is inversely proportional to the square of the principal quantum number (n^2).
Explanation:
Graphite, heavy water (D₂O), beryllium are moderators. Cadmium and boron are control rods (absorb neutrons). Uranium is fuel. Moderator slows neutrons.
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