Assertion (A): The large central vacuole in plant cells helps maintain turgor pressure. Reason (R): It stores water and solutes, creating osmotic pressure that pushes the cytoplasm against the cell wall. MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by extracellular amyloid-beta plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein, leading to memory loss and cognitive decline. Parkinson's involves dopamine neuron loss, multiple sclerosis demyelination, epilepsy seizures.

Explanation:
For an individual heterozygous at two unlinked loci (AaBb), the possible gamete combinations are AB, Ab, aB, ab, i.e., 4 types. This follows the law of independent assortment. Formula: 2^n, where n is the number of heterozygous gene pairs. Here n=2, so 2²=4. If genes are linked, recombination frequency determines the proportion.

Explanation:
Dolly (1996) was created by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), where the nucleus from an adult somatic cell (udder) was transferred into an enucleated egg cell, which was then implanted in a surrogate. This proved that differentiated somatic cells can be reprogrammed to totipotency. She was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.