Explanation:
In both mitochondria and chloroplasts, ATP synthase uses the energy stored in a proton gradient across a membrane (thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts, inner mitochondrial membrane) to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi. This process is chemiosmosis, proposed by Peter Mitchell.
Explanation:
The medulla oblongata contains the respiratory rhythmicity centre that controls the rate and depth of breathing. The pons also has pneumotaxic and apneustic centres influencing breathing. The cerebrum can exert voluntary control, cerebellum coordinates movement, and hypothalamus regulates homeostasis.
Explanation:
Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid that masks the green chlorophyll in brown algae (Phaeophyceae). Phycoerythrin is red, phycocyanin blue, chlorophyll b green.
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