Einstein explained photoelectric effect (1905) using light quanta (photons), earning Nobel Prize. Also developed relativity. Electron: Thomson; Nuclear atom: Rutherford; Induction: Faraday. Memory aid: 'Einstein = photons + relativity'. Key contribution frequently tested in competitive modern physics history questions.
Explanation:
Rectifier uses diodes to convert AC to pulsating DC. Filter capacitors smooth it. Used in power supplies. Inverter does DC to AC. Transformer changes AC voltage.
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