Parallel-faced slab: refraction at entry and exit cancel angular deviation, but ray shifts laterally. No net direction change. Memory tip: 'Slab: parallel emergent ray; Prism: deviated emergent ray'. Ray optics concept frequently tested in competitive exams.
Explanation:
When an elevator moves downwards with acceleration 'a', the net downward force on the person is mg - R = ma, where R is the normal reaction (apparent weight). Solving for R gives R = m(g - a). Since g - a is less than g, the apparent weight (R) is less than the true weight (mg).
Explanation:
For perpendicular forces: R = √(F₁² + F₂²) = √(9 + 16) = √25 = 5 N. Pythagorean theorem applies for vector addition at 90°. Memory aid: '3-4-5 triangle for perpendicular forces'. Basic vector addition problem testing magnitude calculation, common in mechanics sections of competitive exams.
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