Explanation:
Loudness correlates with intensity, which is proportional to square of amplitude. Frequency determines pitch. Larger amplitude → louder sound. Measured in decibels.
Explanation:
Newton's third law states: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. These forces act on two different interacting bodies, hence they never cancel each other as they don't act on the same body. They can act at a distance (e.g., gravitational forces) or through contact. Cancellation of forces occurs only when multiple forces act on a single body. This distinction is crucial for free-body diagram analysis. Exam tip: Always identify which body each force acts upon. Misconception about force cancellation is a common trap in competitive exam questions testing Newton's laws.
Explanation:
Refractive index n = c/v, where c = 3×10⁸ m/s (speed in vacuum). Thus v = c/n = (3×10⁸)/(4/3) = 3×10⁸ × 3/4 = 9/4 × 10⁸ = 2.25×10⁸ m/s. This direct formula application is fundamental in optics. Memory aid: 'Higher n ⇒ slower light in medium'. Competitive exams frequently test this calculation with common refractive indices (water 4/3, glass ~1.5). Always use c = 3×10⁸ m/s unless specified otherwise, and ensure unit consistency (m/s here).
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