Explanation:
Optical fibers consist of a central core surrounded by a cladding with a slightly lower refractive index. When a light beam enters the core at an angle greater than the critical angle, it undergoes multiple successive total internal reflections against the core-cladding boundary. This allows the light to travel over vast distances with virtually no loss of energy, making it ideal for telecommunications.
Explanation:
Dispersion happens because refractive index varies with wavelength. Prism, rainbow. Scattering is Tyndall effect (blue sky). Polarisation restricts vibrations.
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