Stainless steel contains iron, chromium (min 10.5%), and often nickel. Chromium forms a passive oxide layer preventing rust. Nickel improves ductility and corrosion resistance. Molybdenum may be added for pitting resistance. Brass is Cu-Zn, bronze is Cu-Sn, solder is Pb-Sn.
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Synthetic detergents are primarily sodium salts of long-chain alkyl benzene sulphonic acids or alkyl hydrogen sulphates. Unlike soaps (which are carboxylate salts), detergents do not form insoluble precipitates with calcium and magnesium ions in hard water, making them effective cleansers.
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The 'lock-and-key' model explains enzyme specificity: the substrate fits into the active site like a key in a lock. Protein nature is general; specificity arises from 3D structure.
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Brass is an alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Proportions vary to give different properties; common brass is 70% Cu, 30% Zn. Bronze is primarily Cu and Sn (tin). Solder is Pb and Sn. Steel is Fe with C and other elements. Brass is used for musical instruments, plumbing, and decorative hardware due to its gold-like appearance and corrosion resistance.
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