The 'Bottleneck effect' in population genetics refers to: MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Question
The 'Bottleneck effect' in population genetics refers to:
A. The non-random mating of individuals based on specific traits
B. The movement of individuals into a new population, introducing new alleles
C. The gradual accumulation of beneficial mutations in a population
D. A sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events, leading to a loss of genetic variation
Answer: Option D
Solution (By JKSSB Mock Tests)
The bottleneck effect is a form of genetic drift that occurs when a population's size is drastically reduced for at least one generation due to a severe environmental event (like a natural disaster, disease, or overhunting). The surviving population is a random, small sample of the original, and its gene pool may not represent the original population's genetic diversity. This leads to a significant loss of genetic variation, making the population more vulnerable to future changes.
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Question #1
The instrument used to measure blood pressure is a:
A. Sphygmomanometer
B. Electrocardiograph
C. Thermometer
D. Stethoscope
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Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:
A sphygmomanometer, often used with a stethoscope, measures arterial blood pressure (systolic/diastolic) in mmHg. A stethoscope listens to heart/lung sounds, thermometer measures temperature, ECG records heart electrical activity. Normal blood pressure is about 120/80 mmHg.
This question belongs to: Science Biology
Question #2
Rhizobium is used as a biofertilizer primarily for:
A. Fixing atmospheric nitrogen in legume root nodules
B. Producing auxins
C. Solubilizing phosphates
D. Decomposing organic matter
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Correct Answer: Option A

Explanation:
Rhizobium is a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium that forms root nodules in the roots of leguminous plants (like peas, beans, clover). Inside these nodules, the bacterium converts atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3), which the plant can use. In return, the plant provides the bacteria with carbohydrates and a protected environment. It significantly reduces the need for chemical nitrogen fertilizers.
This question belongs to: Science Biology
Question #3
Consider statements about animal husbandry: 1. Silkworms feed on mulberry leaves. 2. Honeybees communicate through the waggle dance. 3. Fish farming is called sericulture. Which are correct?
A. 1, 2 and 3
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1 and 3 only
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Correct Answer: Option B

Explanation:
The domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, is a monophagous insect that feeds exclusively on the leaves of the mulberry plant (Morus alba). Honeybees perform a 'waggle dance' on the honeycomb to communicate the direction and distance of food sources to other worker bees. Fish farming is called pisciculture or aquaculture; sericulture specifically refers to the rearing of silkworms for silk production. Thus, statements 1 and 2 are correct.
This question belongs to: Science Biology
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