Assertion (A): Fermentation produces less ATP than aerobic respiration.
Reason (R): Fermentation involves only glycolysis and does not use the Krebs cycle or electron transport chain.
A.A false, R true.
B.Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation.
C.Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation.
Explanation:
The Loop of Henle is a U-shaped tube extending into the renal medulla. Its primary function is to concentrate the urine by creating a hyperosmotic gradient in the medullary interstitium through the counter-current multiplier mechanism. The descending limb is permeable to water but not salts, while the ascending limb is impermeable to water but actively transports salts out. This gradient allows the collecting duct to reabsorb water under the influence of ADH.
Explanation:
Vitamin K is required for the gamma-carboxylation of prothrombin (factor II) and other clotting factors, enabling them to bind calcium and participate in coagulation. Deficiency leads to bleeding.
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