The recoil of a gun when a bullet is fired is an example of MCQ with Answer and Explanation

Explanation:
Conservation of momentum applies to isolated systems with no external forces. In billiard ball collision on frictionless table, external forces (gravity, normal) cancel vertically, and no horizontal external forces act, so horizontal momentum is conserved. Book on table has zero momentum but no dynamic process. Falling ball has external gravity force. Accelerating car has external engine force. Thus only option B represents an isolated system where momentum conservation holds. Memory aid: Momentum conserved when net external force = 0. This conceptual question tests understanding of system boundaries and force analysis, crucial for mechanics sections in competitive exams.

Explanation:
Incandescent bulbs work by heating a tungsten filament until it glows, converting roughly 90% of electrical energy into wasted heat and only 10% into light. LEDs are solid-state semiconductors that emit light through electroluminescence. They convert almost all their electrical energy directly into light, making them significantly more efficient and cooler.

Explanation:
Critical angle θ_c for total internal reflection: sinθ_c = n₂/n₁, where n₁ > n₂. Here n₁=1.5 (glass), n₂=1 (air), so sinθ_c = 1/1.5 = 2/3 ≈ 0.6667 ⇒ θ_c = sin⁻¹(0.6667) ≈ 41.8° ≈ 42°. Memory aid: 'sinθ_c = 1/n for glass to air'. This calculation tests understanding of total internal reflection conditions, crucial for optics in competitive exams. Always ensure light travels from denser to rarer medium for TIR to be possible; otherwise, no critical angle exists.