Explanation:
Crystallization separates a pure solid from a solution by cooling or evaporating the solvent. Impurities remain in the mother liquor. Example: purifying copper sulfate. Distillation for liquids; filtration for insoluble solids.
Explanation:
Henry Moseley (1913) established the concept of atomic number as the number of protons through X-ray spectra of elements. He showed that atomic number, not atomic mass, is the fundamental property for arranging elements in the periodic table, resolving anomalies in Mendeleev's table. He did not discover a particle but a principle. Modern periodic law is based on atomic number.
Explanation:
Refining is the final step in metallurgy to obtain pure metal. Poling is used for copper to remove oxide impurities. Liquation separates low-melting metals (like tin) from high-melting impurities. Zone refining is used for producing ultra-pure semiconductors (like Si, Ge) based on the principle that impurities are more soluble in the molten state.
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