Ionic character increases with the difference in electronegativity between bonding atoms. In hydrogen halides, electronegativity decreases from F to I (F: 4.0, Cl: 3.0, Br: 2.8, I: 2.5). Thus HF has the largest electronegativity difference (1.9) and highest ionic character. The trend: HF > HCl > HBr > HI. However, HF is still a covalent polar molecule. Exam tip: Electronegativity difference > 1.7 usually indicates ionic bond.
Explanation:
Biogas, commonly known as gobar gas in India, is produced by the anaerobic digestion of organic waste (like cattle dung) by methanogenic bacteria. The primary component of biogas is methane (CH4), which typically makes up 50-75% of the gas mixture, along with carbon dioxide and trace gases.
Explanation:
CaOCl₂ + 2HCl (dil.) → CaCl₂ + Cl₂ + H₂O. It also releases Cl₂ on reaction with CO₂ in air: CaOCl₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + Cl₂. Water alone hydrolyses it slowly. NaOH does not release Cl₂. The chlorine gas is responsible for bleaching and disinfection.
Explanation:
Amylase (present in saliva and pancreatic juice) hydrolyses starch into maltose and dextrins. Pepsin digests proteins in the stomach. Lipase breaks down fats. Trypsin also digests proteins. Enzymes are specific biocatalysts.
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