Which gas law is expressed by P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂ for a fixed mass of gas?
A. Charles' law
B. Combined gas law
C. Boyle's law
D. Gay-Lussac's law
Answer: Option B
Solution (By JKSSB Mock Tests)
The combined gas law integrates Boyle's (P₁V₁ = P₂V₂), Charles' (V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂), and Gay-Lussac's (P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂) laws into one equation: P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂ for a fixed amount of gas. It assumes ideal behavior. When one variable is constant, the respective individual law can be derived. For changing conditions, this combined form is useful. For n moles, PV = nRT.
Explanation:
Haber process: N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃ using finely divided iron catalyst with promoters (K₂O, Al₂O₃). Pt in Ostwald for HNO₃, V₂O₅ in Contact for H₂SO₄, Ni in hydrogenation.
Explanation:
Alpha particles (α) are positively charged particles consisting of two protons and two neutrons, identical to the nucleus of a helium-4 atom (He²⁺). They are emitted during alpha decay of heavy radioactive elements like uranium and radium.
Explanation:
Photochemical smog is formed in sunny, dry cities due to the reaction of sunlight with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (from vehicle exhaust). This produces secondary pollutants like ozone (O₃), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), and aldehydes, which make up the harmful smog.
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