Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and thylakoids, where light reactions occur, and stroma for the Calvin cycle. They convert light energy to chemical energy.
Explanation:
Functional residual capacity (FRC) is the volume of air in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration (ERV + RV). It prevents alveolar collapse and buffers gas concentrations. Vital capacity is max exhaled after max inhalation, total lung capacity is max air lungs can hold, inspiratory capacity is max inhaled after normal exhalation.
Explanation:
RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to the promoter region of DNA, which is located upstream of the coding sequence. This initiates transcription. The terminator signals the end of transcription. Start codon (AUG) is on mRNA where translation begins. Enhancers are regulatory DNA sequences that increase transcription but are not the primary binding site for polymerase.
Explanation:
Ammonia (NH₃) is highly toxic and requires large volumes of water for its excretion; hence it is produced by aquatic animals. Urea is less toxic, uric acid least toxic and water-insoluble. Creatinine is a minor waste. Ammonia is converted to urea in the liver via the urea cycle in ureotelic organisms.
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